Tuesday 24 May 2016

Plessy vs Ferguson - African American History Essay

1892
The U.S. Supreme Court: the highest court in the land. Their job: to decide the constitutionality of cases. But is that what they are really doing? Can we trust that their decisions are just? Two important cases in history can help answer this question. A 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, made facilities and schools separate based on race. In another case in 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, the court reversed its decision and said that separate was not equal. These two cases teach two lessons about the U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy shows that our justice system has failed at times to establish justice. Brown shows that even though the Court rules justly, justice isn't guaranteed.
Many events led up to Plessy v. Ferguson. For example: after the Congress withdrew federal troops from the South in 1877, conditions for blacks deteriorated. The government pushed blacks into an inferior position. The government took action to prevent blacks from voting immediately.
They embarked poll taxes, "grandfather clauses". They also segregated on trains, in parks, schools, restaurants, theaters, swimming pools, and even cemeteries. If blacks broke these segregation laws, they were likely to end up either in prison or dead!
The case of Plessy v. Ferguson was a very important case in American History because it enforced segregation even making it legal, and made segregation a concrete reality for the people of the United States. It began with a man called Homer Plessy. Plessy was 7/8 white and only had 1/8 drop of black blood in him, but under Louisiana law, was considered black. In 1890, Louisiana passed a law providing that "all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations." Plessy believed that the law was unjust and so he challenged the law by refusing to leave the white railroad car. He was arrested and taken to trial. At this trial he argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. But he was found guilty. Plessy then appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Again his case was upheld. Plessy appealed again in 1896 to the Supreme Court of the United States. Homer Plessy was found guilty once again. The impact of the court's decision was a harsh one. It created a reality that was a nightmare to many. Their lives would be changed dramatically. They would officially be separated and considered low down in society.
Plessy v. Ferguson was the law of the land until 1954, when it was finally, successfully overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. In 1954, a little girl named Linda Brown in Topeka, Kansas had to walk 5 miles to school. She didn't get recess and could not play with any of the other children who were all white. Her parents filed a case to the U.S. Supreme Court saying that there is no way blacks and whites could get equal education if they were separated. The court ruled that separate is not equal.
The amount of time between Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education shows just how long it took to get justice for blacks from the Supreme Court. It amazes me that our government could even question if blacks have the right to justice. It should be basic knowledge for us to know that it is wrong to treat any people so unjustly. Just to prove my point here are some questions you can ask yourself: are blacks human beings just like whites? Do blacks and whites both have feelings and needs? And finally, is the only difference between blacks and whites is that they have a different complexion? I am confused as to why so many people, including Justices on our Supreme Court would not answer yes to all these questions. How could anyone who had any intelligence think it was acceptable to treat blacks differently?
Fortunately the Court did come to its senses in Brown v. Board of Education. Yet just because The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that separate is not equal it did not mean that blacks were automatically treated equally. After Brown v. Board of Education happened, there needed to be the Civil Rights Movement, in which many people were involved to push society to change. Two people who led the Civil Rights Movement were Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. We must acknowledge that it wasn't only those people, there were others working and helping the same cause. There were many ways that they impacted The Civil Rights Movement. They gave speeches, wrote letters, led marches, held meetings and many other strategies. They also endured mental and physical hardships. Only through the Civil Rights Movement did the promise of Brown actually get achieved. These people were poor, wealthy, high class, low class, black, some white, short and tall. Basically, there was a wide range of different kinds of people. Not everyone automatically changed their frame of mind when The U.S. Supreme Court ruled separate is not equal. There were still many people out there who were racist and wanted to keep blacks in an inferior position.

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Flawless Tree Felling Education - Seeking Help of the Right Institution

Tree care and hardwood felling jobs are pretty difficult and need thorough knowledge and skills. Lack of proper know-how and techniques can result in disaster, both for you and your property. For proper training and guidance, consider visiting a proper tree care training center. Whether you must fell trees regularly or irregularly, there's always a proper course for you.
Today, there are many courses, exclusively planned to educate and train members in advanced tree felling techniques and practices. With customized hands-on training programs, almost anybody can handle these tasks to perfection. To meet your specific needs, the professional courses include topics like safety, efficiency and responsibility.
These days, tree surgery is a popular profession or line of work. After all, there are only few jobs that entail involvement of Nature. Besides being passionate about your work, you must have some other qualities as well. Being physically fit and well-informed about tress is highly essential. So, consider taking professional classes in forestry and horticulture. Climbing trees is a risky venture and you must know the proper tool usage techniques to complete the task to finesse.
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Warning! Don't Buy Until You Read This Stop Sweating and Start Living Review

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Mike Ramsey is a chronic sufferer of excessive sweating. During that 10 years, he went through every feeling of awkwardness, depression and anxiety that accompanied this problem. He avoided potentially awkward functions for example dances, dates and parties. He feared having to meet pals with an embrace lest they will touch his soaking wet shirt. He lived in constant fear, pondering if he stinks or looks ridiculous in his shackles of sweat.
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Two Major Types of Research Papers

Have you ever heard that writing a research papers has two types? There are two major types of research papers: argumentative and analytical. During the course of your student career, you are likely to come across both of these variants as part of your requirements.
Argumentative papers, as the name implies, immediately let the reader know what kind of position you will be taking. You do this early in the piece, usually as part of the introduction or the thesis statement. These types of research papers have very defined characteristics, namely:
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ACT Prep Course and College Essay Help For a Successful Career

It is true that all the students looking for a higher education are under terrible pressure. They have to select the appropriate career option well in advance so that they get proper training and are well prepared. There are Tests such as SAT and ACT which help students determine the course which they can take up. It will help them get admission in good colleges. ACT tests open up more options for the students in various educational fields. ACT test was originally known as American College Testing Program. Once a student takes up this test, he/she will be clear in terms of education.
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Accused of Plagiarism? Read How to Create Your Plagiarism Defence Strategy

Nowadays, Universities are taking plagiarism - using someone else's words or ideas without giving proper credit to the author of the original - very seriously and are fighting against it. In the best-case scenario, teachers may decide to award a 'zero' mark for a paper or a course; in the worst case, Universities may fail the whole degree or expel the student. This article has been written specifically for those students who have been accused of plagiarism, but who believe that they are not guilty. The article offers some advice to such students on how to defend their position. At the same time, it should be noted that the article is provided for information purposes only, as we do not give legal advice. If you seek legal assistance, you should contact your lawyer who would be in a better position to help you.
There is no doubt that plagiarism is a bad practice which not only endangers your own academic standing, but also hampers the process of scientific discovery. In some cases, plagiarism may even lead to legal proceedings if the authors decide that their work is being misused. In the academic context, however, plagiarism is usually viewed not as a legal infringement but as utterly unethical conduct. For this reason, we have prepared a set of recommendations for you to keep in mind should you face plagiarism accusations.
First and foremost, you must NEVER ADMIT Intentional Plagiarism, as that would be suicidal. If you do admit it, your University or College would be able to do whatever they wish, even fail your degree. Generally, there may be two outcomes of the plagiarism detection process. In half of cases, your University will KNOW and subsequently be able to PROVE that you have committed plagiarism. In the other 50% of cases Universities may SUSPECT that you have plagiarised but would not be able to prove it unless you voluntarily admit having plagiarised.
As a rule, Universities can suspect plagiarism based on the following:
a) The language and style of writing you used in the suspected paper differ from those that you normally employ. This is especially applicable to foreign students for whom English is not the first language. Usually, teachers can easily spot the discrepancies, as the text seems too perfect and 'polished' and rich in academic jargon and specialist phraseology. If this is the case, your strategy of defence can be to say that you asked a native speaker to proofread your work before submitting it in order to make it more professional and reader-friendly. This is absolutely legal, especially taking into account the fact that many Universities would penalise English language mistakes. Some even try to say, when caught, that the friend who proofread the paper amended the work and that he or she included some ideas without referencing them. This, however, is a shaky strategy, so you should be careful about using it.
b) The usage of models or resources, which were not taught by your tutor or not available in your library. In this case, your strategy of defence could be to say that you did some additional reading or research and/or have a friend studying in a different University who kindly gave you the otherwise inaccessible materials, books or articles. However, you should always bear in mind that, should the need arise, your tutor or academic commission will certainly be asking you questions regarding the resources that you used to write your paper. You ought therefore to make sure that you can answer such questions by preparing meticulously for the meetings. At least, you should know all the titles used and the authors and what each author said.
However, if it happens that your University can prove that you have plagiarised, there could be several defence strategies, such as:
1) In the process of work, you had several drafts of the paper and, as it turns out, accidentally submitted an incorrect version of the report. You can claim that while the rough drafts were not properly referenced, as they were only written to help you plan the paper and give you the overall guidance, the final version was indeed fully referenced and prepared in strict accordance with the academic requirements. At the end of the day, you are a human being and have the right to be mistaken.
2) Your computer had crashed and because of that all the information in the file where you kept all your drafts and extracts from various resources was converted into plain text, which prevented you from being able to differentiate between the bits written by yourself and those copied from other sources. For this reason, you were enormously confused and, given the urgency of the situation, may have misused the information contained in the corrupted file.
3) You simply forgot to put "quotes". This may happen if you paraphrased other authors' ideas but forgot to provide the references. In this regard, you should always remember that not only direct quotation but also referencing without giving credit constitutes plagiarism. Similarly, you could say that you had written the text for your own purposes, outside the academic curriculum, a few years ago and later decided to use the material for the assignment, sincerely believing that those were your own words, as the pre-written text, created for your own needs, did not contain any references.

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